How to Grow Canola
Agronomic Research
1997 Disease Survey
REPORT ON 1997 WESTERN CANADA
CANOLA DISEASE SURVEY
Compiled by
Robin Morrall
University of Saskatchewan The following
pathologists were responsible for collecting the
disease data, collating the results and interpretation
of the results in this survey: Gary Platford,
Debbie McLaren and Jennifer Lamb in Manitoba;
Robin Morrall, Lori-Ann Kaminski, David Kaminski,
Michael Celetti, Randy Kutcher, Lorne Duczek and
Richard Gugel in Saskatchewan; Prem Kharbanda,
Ieuan Evans, Ralph Lange, J.P. Tewari, Winnie
McNab, Henry Huang and Lorraine Harrison in Alberta.
We acknowledge the assistance of several technicians
and numerous agrologists from Alberta Agriculture
and Rural Development, Saskatchewan Agriculture
and Food and Manitoba Agriculture. Without the
help of the provincial employees, it would have
been impossible to identify the fields and collect
the agronomic data. This project is under the
general sponsorship of the Canola Council of Canada.
Financial support is gratefully acknowledged from
Agrevo Canada Inc., Alberta Canola Producers Commission,
BASF Canada Inc., Canodev Research Inc., Dow AgroSciences
Canada Inc., Dupont Canada Inc., Limagrain Canada
Seeds, Manitoba Canola Growers Association, Manitoba
Pool, Monsanto Canada, Novartis Crop Protection
Inc., Rh-e-Poulenc Canada Inc., Saskatchewan Wheat
Pool and United Grain Growers.
The information contained in this report may not
be used for advertising purposes without permission
from the compiler and the Canola Council of Canada.
Background and Objectives
This survey is part of a three-year project (1996-98),
which is the first attempt by pathologists at
a co-ordinated disease survey across all the canola-growing
areas of western Canada. Before 1996, comprehensive
surveys had been done consistently only in Manitoba.
In the other provinces disease surveys were intermittent,
or were confined to specific regions or specific
diseases. Thus, information about the relative
importance of diseases, which is useful in setting
research priorities, was often lacking. Furthermore,
because of time and financial constraints, previous
surveys were usually done in randomly chosen fields,
with no knowledge of cultivars, rotations, fertilizer
and pesticide inputs, etc. Information on the
relationships of these agronomic factors with
disease incidence could help research workers
and growers to improve cropping practices. The
need for agronomic data in canola disease surveys
is particularly acute in the present context of
rapidly changing cultivars and cultural practices.
The objectives of the survey were to gather comprehensive
disease data, using standardized sampling methods,
as well as background agronomic data on canola
crops in all the western provinces. Only the major
areas of canola production in each province were
included and the numbers of fields surveyed in
each province were approximately representative
of relative acreages planted. After the three-year
survey, we hope to draw conclusions about the
effects of agronomic practices on diseases and
yield which may benefit canola production. The
results will be sent to producers, government
extension staff and research scientists.
The help of provincial extension agrologists
was enlisted to select small clusters of fields
in their local areas and obtain the background
agronomic data from the farmers. Each agrologist
was asked to identify 6 fields in his or her area,
representing a range of cultivars, fertilizer
inputs and other production practices. It was
considered important not to survey only fields
belonging to growers practising the highest degree
of management. Most of the background data were
to be collected before the pathologists surveyed
the fields. Final data, such as late-season pesticide
inputs, yields and dates of harvest were to be
added later by the agrologists.
Methods
As in 1996, the proposed methods of choosing
fields to survey and collecting background data
were followed in the majority of cases. However,
occasionally data were not collected until fall
or late winter and only by telephoning the growers.
Two hundred fifty three fields were eventually
included in the 1997 survey, with the following
distribution among provinces: Alberta-83; Saskatchewan-110;
Manitoba-60. The total represents a 24% increase
over 1996. Agronomic data were incomplete for
about 10 of the fields.
Disease assessments were made in each field shortly
before swathing by collecting 20 plants at each
of 5 sites separated by at least 20 m from each
other. The presence or absence of lesions on each
plant was scored to give percent disease incidence
figures for the following diseases: blackleg (Leptosphaeria
maculans), sclerotinia stem rot (Sclerotinia
sclerotiorum), foot rot (Rhizoctonia, Fusarium),
brown girdling root rot (Rhizoctonia, etc.),
aster yellows (phytoplasma) and staghead (Albugo
candida). For blackleg each plant was scored
for either a severe basal stem canker or any other
type of blackleg stem lesion. For sclerotinia
stem rot each plant was scored for either a main
stem lesion or an upper branch or pod lesion.
Thus, for both blackleg and sclerotinia percent
incidence was scored for two kinds of lesions
that have a greater or lesser effect, respectively,
on the plants. For alternaria pod spot (Alternaria
brassicae and A. raphani) the percent
severity of lesions on the pods of each plant
was assessed.
When alternaria pod spot was present in a field,
but at a level estimated to be below 1%, the disease
was recorded as a "trace". Similarly,
when the other diseases were observed in a field,
but not among the sample of 100 plants, the disease
was also recorded as a "trace". In calculating
means, all trace values were counted as 0.1%.
Results and Discussion
Disclaimer
The results presented here are from a one-year
survey of fields in which observations were made
by many people. The data were not derived from
experiments in which variables were carefully
controlled. In commercial fields multiple variables
affect disease incidence and severity, including
some which have not yet been considered in the
analyses. Until three years' survey data have
been obtained and additional analyses have been
conducted, great care should be exercised in interpreting
the results. Under no circumstances should disease
management decisions be based entirely on the
findings presented here.
Rotation and Canola types - Definitions
Crop rotation is a common method of disease control
and is referred to frequently below. In this report
the lengths of crop rotations are defined as follows:
1-year = no interval between 2 crops in question;
2-year = 1 year between 2 crops in question; 3-year
= 2 years between 2 crops in question; etc. The
two canola species grown in western Canada, Argentine
and Polish, are referred to in this report as
Brassica (B.) napus and B.
rapa, respectively.
Blackleg (Leptosphaeria maculans)
Levels of severe basal stem canker were low and
yield losses, therefore, probably limited. There
were only 25 fields (about 10%) in which the incidence
of severe cankers was 10% or more. Consequently
comparisons were mainly based on total incidence
of blackleg by summing the individual values for
stem lesions and basal cankers.
Percent blackleg incidence was summarized in
relation to the blackleg resistance ratings of
the cultivars and the length of rotations between
canola crops in the fields (Table 1). Since two
major control practices for blackleg are planting
resistant cultivars and using a long crop rotation,
trends of increased blackleg incidence with shorter
rotations and lower resistance might be expected.
As in 1996, such trends were not consistently
evident (Table 1). However, when small sample-size
groups were eliminated there was a trend towards
lower blackleg incidence (a) with longer rotations
and (b) in resistant (rating = 1) cultivars compared
with all other categories of susceptibility. In
1996 percent blackleg incidence was higher in
fields on 2-year and 4-year rotations than in
those on 3-year rotations. This difference was
not evident in 1997.
Mean incidence of blackleg was lower in 1997
than in 1996 in all susceptibility categories
(overall 9% vs 16% incidence). The distribution
of fields in the survey among cultivars resistant
and moderately resistant to blackleg was similar
to that in 1996. However, there was an increase
over 1996 of 14% in moderately susceptible cultivars
and decreases of 4% and 10% in susceptible cultivars
of B. napus and B. rapa, respectively.
Very few fields of B. rapa from Manitoba
and Saskatchewan were included in the survey,
reflecting the low acreage of B. rapa in
these provinces.
Mean yields were poorly correlated with blackleg
resistance of the cultivars (Table 1). The relatively
high mean yield of susceptible (rating =4) B.
napus cultivars may be related to the small
number of fields surveyed in that category; these
fields were mostly in Manitoba and Saskatchewan.
As in 1996, but to a lesser extent, there was
an indication of mean yields increasing with length
of rotation up to 4 years, then declining with
rotations of 5 or more years. The lower yields
in fields on rotations of 5 or more years may
be associated with farmers who are not consistent
canola growers. In contrast to 1996, increased
yield with longer rotations up to 4 years was
consistent with decreased disease incidence.
Mean yields were consistently lower in all blackleg
susceptibility categories than in 1996; overall
mean yield was 16% lower than in 1996. This undoubtedly
reflects the drier conditions in many parts of
western Canada in 1997 than in 1996, rather than
lower blackleg levels. Overall, B. rapa
crops yielded 67% of B. napus crops (18
vs. 27 bus/acre); the percent difference is identical
to that in 1996. Mean rotation lengths were slightly
shorter in 1997 than in 1996 for all blackleg
categories.
Sclerotinia stem rot (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum)
Since main stem lesion and upper branch or pod
lesions appeared to be correlated with each other
in infested fields, the two values were summed
to give an approximate overall disease incidence
value. This overall incidence was examined in
relation to (a) geographical region (province)
(b) the length of rotation between canola crops,
(c) the length of rotation between sclerotinia-susceptible
crops, (d) canola species, (e) the use of fungicides
(Benlate, Ronilan or Rovral) to control stem rot,
and (f) nitrogen input (Tables 2 and 3). Cultivar
differences were not considered, as all current
cultivars are susceptible to stem rot.
The data showed a substantially higher incidence
of sclerotinia stem rot in Manitoba and Alberta
than in Saskatchewan (Table 2). This no doubt
reflects the generally drier weather in Saskatchewan
in July during the critical flowering period when
infection occurs. In non-sprayed fields, mean
incidence of stem rot did not show a consistent
decline with longer canola rotations; in Alberta,
where the incidence of stem rot was highest, the
highest mean incidence was associated with 4 and
5-year rotations. Mean incidence was also not
related to the number of years since the previous
sclerotinia-susceptible crop (Table 2). These
results are similar to those of the 1996 survey
and earlier studies; they probably reflect the
longevity of sclerotial bodies of sclerotinia
in the soil. However, there are many other reasons
to recommend long rotations between canola crops.
Approximately 17% of fields were sprayed with
a fungicide, similar to the percentage in 1996.
Most of these were in Manitoba. The mean incidence
of stem rot in sprayed fields was about the same
as the mean incidence in non-sprayed fields (Table
2). A high incidence of stem rot in a few sprayed
fields suggests that timing of application may
not always have been optimal in high-risk fields.
Conventional wisdom is that sclerotinia stem
rot is more severe in fields managed with a high
level of inputs because dense stands provide a
more favorable microclimate for disease development.
Therefore, incidence was investigated relative
to an approximate measurement of input level,
namely amount of actual N incorporated into the
soil (see section on fertility below) (Table 3).
There was a positive relationship between mean
incidence of stem rot and N input in non-fungicide
sprayed fields, both in B. napus and
B. rapa. The association with N input is in
contrast with results from the 1996 survey, when
stem rot incidence was generally higher. However
in 1996 the measurement of N fertility level was
very crude.
It is noteworthy that the proportion of crops
sprayed with a fungicide to control sclerotinia
was higher in fields that received a high N input
(Table 3). This probably reflects high-level management
practices and the desire of growers to protect
an already above-average investment. In effect,
the disease may affect agronomic practices as
much as, or more than agronomic practices affect
the disease.
Alternaria pod spot (Alternaria brassicae
and A. raphani)
Alternaria pod spot is known to be more prevalent
on B. rapa than on B. napus, although
part of the difference may be related to environmental
conditions under which the two species are commonly
grown. Furthermore, alternaria pod spot develops
extensively late in the season, including after
swathing. Thus, the damage it causes from pod
shattering, seed shrivelling and green seed may
not be reflected well in surveys that are conducted
shortly before swathing.
Because of the dry weather in mid-to late summer,
levels of alternaria pod spot in 1997 were extremely
low in many areas, especially in Saskatchewan
(Table 4). Pod spot was again confirmed to be
more severe on B. rapa than on B. napus.
However, as most of the B. rapa was grown
in Alberta, the data for B. rapa should
be considered mainly as a subset of Alberta data
in judging the difference between canola species.
With some exceptions, there was generally a trend
towards lower levels of alternaria pod spot with
longer rotations between canola crops (Table 4).
The anomalous higher levels of pod spot in fields
on 5 or >5 year rotations in Alberta and Manitoba
may reflect small sample sizes or the ability
of Alternaria spores to spread from field
to field by wind during the growing season. Even
when long rotations are practised in fields, there
is a possibility that surrounding fields contain
1-year-old canola residues.
Staghead/white rust (Albugo candida)
In western Canada staghead is a disease found
on only B. rapa because the cultivars of
B. napus are immune to the prevalent races
of Albugo candida. Cultivars of B. rapa
vary considerably in susceptibility to Race 7
of Albugo, which is the oldest-established
race in western Canada.
In 1997, considering the small sample sizes,
mean staghead incidence was similar in fields
on rotations from 1-4 years long, but lower in
rotations of 5 or >5 years (Table 5). Since
Albugo produces long-lived resting spores
which persist in infested plant debris, long crop
rotations should be beneficial to control staghead.
However, in 1996 a major difference in staghead
levels was observed between 3 year and longer
rotations.
There was a clear relationship in 1997 between
staghead incidence and level of susceptibility
to Race 7 of Albugo (Table 5). Staghead
incidence was generally higher than in 1996 in
cultivars rated very good or good but lower in
cultivars rated fair or very poor. The results
emphasize the benefit of growing resistant cultivars
but suggest that Race 7v of Albugo may
be increasing in prevalence on cultivars resistant
to Race 7.
Brown girdling root rot (Rhizoctonia solani,
etc)
This is a highly destructive disease that has
traditionally been found almost exclusively in
the Peace River region. Its cause is complex and
poorly understood. In 1997, brown girdling root
rot was also reported in the Bonnyville, Sedgewick
and Vegreville regions of central Alberta. Data
for these regions and for the Peace River, for
B. napus and B. rapa combined, were
summarized according to crop rotation (Table 6).
As in 1996, incidence of brown girdling root rot
was extremely high in the Peace River region,
but there was no clear relationship with length
of crop rotation. In specific fields on rotations
from 1-5 years, incidence ranged up to nearly
100%. It is likely that the extremely high levels
of the disease in the Peace River region were
partly associated with the excessive rain that
fell in the area in 1997.
Other diseases
Levels of foot rot and aster yellows were too
low in the fields surveyed to investigate their
possible relationship with agronomic or other
factors. In most fields these diseases were absent
or at trace levels. Downy mildew (Peronospora
parasitica) cannot be studied in an end-of-season
survey because the symptoms are usually most evident
on rosette leaves. Symptoms of sulphur deficiency
were observed in a few fields.
Fertility, yield and geographic region
The questionnaires completed by farmers and agronomists
included questions about fertilizer input so that
we could attempt to relate certain diseases, such
as sclerotinia stem rot, to soil nutrient level.
Fields for which this information was provided
were classified according to actual N input level
and actual S input level and mean yields in the
classes calculated. The raw data showed that the
majority of fields where N input was very low
were summerfallow crops.
Considering the limitations imposed by small
sample sizes in some N-input categories, mean
yields generally increased with increased N input
in both B. rapa and B. napus (Table
7). However, there was no trend of yield relative
to actual S input. The ratio of N input to S input
was also examined in relation to yield, but there
was no trend of yield relative to the ratio (data
not shown). In fields in which S was added, the
N:S input ratio varied from 1 to 42.
As in the 1996 survey, there was a wide range
of individual yield values in each N-input category
(Figure 1). Very low yields could often be explained
by drought (e.g. in central Saskatchewan) or by
excessive rainfall (e.g. in northern Alberta).
The drought resulted in early ripening in many
areas and necessitated conducting the survey much
earlier in August than in 1996. The effects of
moisture conditions on yield were also very evident
in the classification of fields in relation to
province and soil zone (Table 8). In Alberta and
Saskatchewan yields were lower in the drier dark
brown soil zone than in the black soil zone. In
Manitoba, yields were lower in the black soil
zone than the grey zone, which was generally wetter,
and yields were generally higher than in Saskatchewan.
In Alberta, low yields in the grey soil zone reflected
excessive moisture in the Peace River region coupled
with a higher proportion of fields of B. rapa.
Conclusion
As in 1996, readers are cautioned that the data
presented here are not derived from controlled
experiments with replication. It is dangerous
to draw premature conclusions or base management
decisions on single-year survey data. Additional
analyses of the 1997 or combined 1996-98 data
may reveal other management practices and additional
variables that affected disease incidence in the
fields surveyed. Also, the mean yield of 27 bushels/acre
for all fields in the survey (Table 1) was higher
than the national average for 1997. This suggests
that the survey did not include a completely representative
cross-section of canola growers in Canada.
Table 1 Mean Incidence of blackleg and yields
in relation to blackleg resistance levels and
length of crop rotation, western Canada, 1997
Table 2 Mean incidence
of sclerotinia stem rot in non-sprayed crops in relation to
province and crop rotations and overall mean incidence in
sprayed crops, Brassica napus and B. rapa combined
- western Canada, 1997
|
Rotation |
No. of Years |
Alberta |
Saskatchewan |
Manitoba |
Overall |
| |
|
No. of fields |
% incidence of sclerotinia |
No. of fields |
% incidence of sclerotinia |
No. of fields |
% incidence of sclerotinia |
No. of fields |
% incidence of sclerotinia |
| Since previous canola crop |
1 |
3 |
11% |
1 |
0% |
1 |
0% |
5 |
7% |
| |
2 |
22 |
9% |
9 |
<1% |
0 |
- |
31 |
7% |
| |
3 |
19 |
9% |
27 |
1% |
9 |
7% |
55 |
4% |
| |
4 |
12 |
16% |
22 |
1% |
11 |
8% |
45 |
7% |
| |
5 or >5 |
10 |
20% |
30 |
<1% |
6 |
2% |
46 |
5% |
| |
Unknown |
8 |
1% |
15 |
3% |
3 |
2% |
26 |
2% |
| Since previous
sclerotinia-susceptible crop. |
1 |
3 |
11% |
4 |
1% |
1 |
0% |
8 |
4% |
| |
2 |
26 |
11% |
32 |
2% |
7 |
3% |
65 |
6% |
| |
3 |
20 |
8% |
30 |
1% |
11 |
10% |
61 |
5% |
| |
4 |
10 |
12% |
12 |
<1% |
6 |
9% |
28 |
6% |
| |
5 or >5 |
8 |
25% |
16 |
1% |
2 |
0% |
26 |
8% |
| |
Unknown |
7 |
1% |
10 |
1% |
3 |
2% |
20 |
1% |
| Overall Non-sprayed
|
74 |
11% |
104 |
1% |
30 |
6% |
208 |
5% |
| Overall Sprayed |
9 |
5% |
5 |
1% |
30 |
6% |
44 |
5% |
Table 3 Incidence of sclerotinia stem rot
in non-sprayed fields in relation to canola species and nitrogen
input in the crop and overall number of sprayed fields in
relation to nitrogen input, western Canada, 1997
|
Actual N input (lbs./acre) |
Brassica napus |
Brassica rapa |
No. of crops sprayed |
| |
No. of fields |
Mean % Incidence |
No. of fields |
Mean % Incidence |
|
| 0 -20 |
15 |
0.3% |
3 |
0.3% |
2 |
| 21- 40 |
8 |
0.1% |
7 |
3.1% |
1 |
| 41- 60 |
33 |
5.7% |
7 |
10.8% |
6 |
| 61-80 |
65 |
3.0% |
7 |
9.0% |
13 |
| 81-100 |
32 |
6.3% |
5 |
22.8% |
15 |
| >100 |
9 |
14.4% |
- |
- |
7 |
| Unknown |
10 |
4.3% |
5 |
8.0% |
0 |
Table 4 Severity of alternaria pod spot
in relation to province, canola species* and length of crop
rotation, western Canada 1997
|
Crop Rotation |
Alberta
Both species combined |
Manitoba
Both species combined |
Saskatchewan
Both species combined |
Overall |
| |
|
|
|
Brassica napus |
Brassica rapa |
| |
No. of fields |
Mean % pod spot |
No. of fields |
Mean % pod spot |
No. of fields |
Mean % pod spot |
No. of fields |
Mean % pod spot |
No. of fields |
Mean % pod spot |
| 1 year |
3 |
4.5% |
1 |
20.0% |
1 |
0% |
3 |
6.7% |
2 |
6.7% |
| 2 year |
24 |
3.7% |
5 |
2.0% |
9 |
<0.1% |
29 |
2.0% |
9 |
4.6% |
| 3 year |
23 |
2.5% |
19 |
1.0% |
26 |
0.1% |
56 |
0.8% |
12 |
3.0% |
| 4 year |
14 |
3.1% |
22 |
0.8% |
27 |
0.2% |
59 |
0.9% |
4 |
4.3% |
| 5 or >5 year |
11 |
5.7% |
7 |
2.4% |
30 |
0.1% |
43 |
1.5% |
5 |
3.1% |
| Unknown |
8 |
1.9% |
6 |
9.2% |
15 |
0.4% |
24 |
2.6% |
4 |
2.0% |
| Overall |
83 |
3.4% |
60 |
2.3% |
108 |
0.1% |
214 |
1.4% |
36 |
3.6% |
* Distribution of canola species relative
to province: Alberta: B. napus = 56 B. rapa
=27. Manitoba: B. napus = 60 B. rapa = 0. Saskatchewan:
B. napus = 99 B. rapa = 9
Table 5 Incidence of staghead disease
on Brassica rapa* in relation to length
of crop rotation, western Canada, 1997
|
Crop rotation |
Number of fields |
# Incidence of staghead |
|
1 year |
2 |
6.5% |
|
2 year |
9 |
7.2% |
|
3 year |
12 |
7.4% |
|
4 year |
4 |
9.0% |
|
5 or >5 year |
5 |
2.2% |
|
Unknown |
4 |
1.0% |
Mean staghead incidence in relation to white
rust susceptibility level: Very good = 2.4% (8 fields); Good
= 5.1% (9 fields); Fair = 7.1% (11 fields); Very poor = 10.2%
(7 fields).
Table 6 Incidence of brown girdling root
rot in relation to length of crop rotation, Alberta, 1997*
|
Crop rotation |
Peace River Region |
Bonnyville, Sedgewick and Vegreville Regions (Central
Alberta) |
| |
No. of fields |
Mean % incidence (and range)
of brown girdling root rot |
No. of fields |
Mean % incidence (and range) of brown
girdling root rot |
| 1 year |
3 |
90% |
(80 - 98%) |
0 |
- |
- |
| 2 year |
13 |
79% |
(17 - 100%) |
5 |
13% |
(1 - 41%) |
| 3 year |
7 |
64% |
(33 - 100%) |
6 |
14% |
(5 - 26%) |
| 4 year |
4 |
70% |
(54 - 100%) |
6 |
15% |
(7 - 20%) |
| 5 or >5 years |
4 |
67% |
(32 - 100%) |
1 |
6% |
( n/a ) |
| Unknown |
4 |
82% |
(66 - 90%) |
1 |
21% |
( n/a ) |
Table 7 Yield of crops in relation
to canola species and nitrogen and sulphur inputs in the crop,
western Canada, 1997
| Actual input (lbs./acre) |
Brassica napus |
Brassica rapa |
| |
No. of fields |
Mean yield (bus./acre) |
No. of fields |
Mean yield (bus./acre) |
| 0 - 20 N |
17 |
24.2 |
4 |
20.6 |
| 21 - 40 N |
8 |
29.6 |
8 |
19.1 |
| 41 - 60 N |
39 |
26.2 |
7 |
20.3 |
| 61 - 80 N |
77 |
28.8 |
7 |
23.1 |
| 81- 100 N |
47 |
30.3 |
5 |
16.4 |
| > 100 N |
16 |
34.6 |
- |
- |
| Unknown N |
10 |
20.1 |
5 |
6.5 |
| 0 S |
6 |
24.8 |
3 |
21 |
| 1 - 5 S |
18 |
29.4 |
- |
- |
| 6 - 10 S |
60 |
26.6 |
13 |
16.8 |
| 11 - 15 S |
46 |
30.2 |
3 |
20 |
| 16 - 20 S |
13 |
36.8 |
2 |
31.6 |
| 21 - 25 S |
8 |
29.1 |
1 |
28 |
| > 25 S |
4 |
31.6 |
- |
- |
| Unknown S |
60 |
28.5 |
11 |
17.5 |
Table 8 Yield of canola in relation to
soil zone, irrigation and province - western Canada, 1997
|
Soil Zone |
Alberta |
Manitoba |
Saskatchewan |
| |
No. of fields |
Yield (bus./ac.) |
No. of fields |
Yield (bus./ac.) |
No. of fields |
Yield (bus./ac.) |
| Grey |
48 |
21.3 |
10 |
36.8 |
- |
- |
| Black |
23 |
34.9 |
50 |
30.3 |
74 |
26 |
| Dark Brown |
6 |
28.3 |
- |
- |
29 |
21.9 |
| Irrigated |
6 |
38.3 |
- |
- |
5 |
46 |
| Total |
83 |
26.8 |
60 |
31.4 |
108 |
25.8 |
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